Ground-based optical astronomy necessarily involves sensing the light of astronomical
objects along with the contributions of many natural sources ranging from the Earth's …

In situ measurements of the solar wind have been available for almost 60 years, and in that
time plasma physics simulation capabilities have commenced and ground‐based solar …

Small-scale dynamic auroras have spatial scales of a few km or less, and temporal scales of
a few seconds or less, which visualize the complex interplay among charged particles …

The spectacular visual displays from the aurora come from curtains of excited atoms and
molecules, impacted by energetic charged particles. These particles are accelerated from …

Auroral spiral is one of the auroral vortex structures. Here, we propose a model to explain
the formation of auroral spiral structure based on three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell …

In data mining, density-based clustering, which entails classifying datapoints according to
their distributions in some space, is an essential method to extract information from large …

The theory of the acceleration of auroral particles is reviewed, focusing on developments in
the last 15 years. We discuss elementary plasma physics processes leading to acceleration …

Most geomagnetic indices are associated with processes internal to the magnetosphere-
ionosphere system: convection, magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems, particle …

A two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation is performed to study the formation of the
pitch angle distribution of energetic electrons at dipolarization fronts (DFs) driven by …

Based on discussions held at a workshop in Bra-Pollenzo, Italy, this paper elaborates upon
19 outstanding questions of plasma physics in the Earth's magnetosphere. The questions …