Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is the most widely used non-destructive method to
determine the water content of soils and other porous media. TDR equipment can be …

The time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique is a geophysical method that allows, in a
time-varying electric field, the determination of dielectric permittivity and electrical …

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content,
and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field …

The characterization of the relationship between volumetric soil water content (θ) and bulk
electrical conductivity (EC)(or electrical resistivity) is of high interest in fields of engineering …

This paper deals with the issue of monitoring the spatial distribution of bulk electrical
conductivity, σ b, in the soil root zone by using electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors …

Measurement of electrical conductivity by time domain reflectometry (TDR) requires
knowledge of the source step voltage, which is often implicitly accounted for in the measured …

Reflectometry is a powerful technique that can be effectively employed for a number of
practical applications; in particular, the high versatility, the real-time response, and the …

When measuring soil water content by time domain reflectometry (TDR), several methods
are available for determining the related apparent dielectric constant (Ka) from the TDR …

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques have become increasingly attractive for soil
moisture evaluation thanks to their adaptability, low cost, and measurement accuracy. Many …

The electromagnetic (EM) soil properties are dynamic variables that can change
considerably over time, and they fundamentally affect the performance of Ground …