The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain
parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial …

Astrocytes form borders (glia limitans) that separate neural from non-neural tissue along
perivascular spaces, meninges and tissue lesions in the CNS. Transgenic loss-of-function …

In the adult brain, multiple cell types are known to produce factors that regulate blood–brain
barrier (BBB) properties, including astrocytes. Yet several recent studies disputed a role for …

Astrocytes sense changes in neural activity and extracellular space composition. In
response, they exert homeostatic mechanisms critical for maintaining neural circuit function …

Unique intercellular junctional complexes between the central nervous system (CNS)
microvascular endothelial cells and the choroid plexus epithelial cells form the endothelial …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major functional barrier in the central nervous system
(CNS), and inhibits the extravasation of intravascular contents and transports various …

Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation,
organogenesis, and reproduction and a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide.
Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited. Traumatic brain …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of specialized endothelial cells that are critical to
neurological health. A key tool for understanding human BBB development and its role in …

Each year about 650,000 Europeans die from stroke and a similar number lives with the
sequelae of multiple sclerosis (MS). Stroke and MS differ in their etiology. Although cause …