Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Historically, the thalamus has been viewed as little more than a relay, simply transferring
information to key players of the cast, the cortex and hippocampus, without providing any …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

All of the cerebral cortex has some degree of laminar organization. These different layers
are composed of neurons with distinct connectivity patterns, embryonic origins, and …

How is the vast brain communication system organized? A structural model relates
connections to laminar differences between linked areas. The model is based on the …

Sleep is a complex physiological process that is regulated globally, regionally, and locally
by both cellular and molecular mechanisms. It occurs to some extent in all animals, although …

Although we have convincing evidence that attention to auditory stimuli modulates neuronal
responses at or before the level of primary auditory cortex (A1), the underlying physiological …

As indicated by the profound cognitive impairments caused by cholinergic receptor
antagonists, cholinergic neurotransmission has a vital role in cognitive function, specifically …

In this article, we discuss the hypothesis that affect is a fundamental, psychologically
irreducible property of the human mind. We begin by presenting historical perspectives on …