A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

The frequency doubling of laser light was one of the first new phenomena observed
following the invention of the laser over 50 years ago. Since then, the quest to extend …

X-ray free-electron lasers have opened up the possibility of structure determination of
protein crystals at room temperature, free of radiation damage. The femtosecond-duration …

X-ray free-electron lasers enable the investigation of the structure and dynamics of diverse
systems, including atoms, molecules, nanocrystals and single bioparticles, under extreme …

X-ray free-electron lasers provide unique opportunities for exploring ultrafast dynamics and
for imaging the structures of complex systems. Understanding the response of individual …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) are promising tools for structural determination of
macromolecules via coherent x-ray scattering. During ultrashort and ultraintense x-ray …

New free-electron laser and high-harmonic generation X-ray light sources are capable of
supplying pulses short and intense enough to perform resonant nonlinear time-resolved …

The ultrafast structural dynamics of water following inner-shell ionization is a crucial issue in
high-energy radiation chemistry. We have exposed isolated water molecules to a short x-ray …

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) produce femtosecond x-ray pulses with unprecedented
intensities that are uniquely suited for studying many phenomena in atomic, molecular, and …