The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that
cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal …

The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the pore-forming subunit of the
rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ channel, Kv11. 1, which are expressed in the …

The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11
families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

Fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET and BRET)
techniques allow the sensitive monitoring of distances between two labels at the nanometer …

Cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic
processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular system. Dysfunctional signaling at …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of
cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes …

Each heartbeat is initiated by the action potential, an electrical signal that depolarizes the
plasma membrane and activates a cycle of calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium …

Real-time measurements of second messengers in living cells, such as cAMP, are usually
performed by ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. However …

G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist in conformational equilibrium between active
and inactive states, and the former population determines the efficacy of signaling. However …