Contemporary researchers regard emotional states as multifaceted, comprising
physiological, behavioural, cognitive and subjective components. Subjective, conscious …

Collective decision-making is a daily occurrence in the lives of many group-living animals,
and can have critical consequences for the fitness of individuals. Understanding how …

Allee effects are (broadly) defined as a decline in individual fitness at low population size or
density. They can result in critical population thresholds below which populations crash to …

Approaches to sociality have, in the past, focused either on group typologies or on the
functional aspects of relationships (mate choice, parental investment decisions). In contrast …

Many animals benefit from the presence of conspecifics by reducing their rate of scanning
for predators while increasing their time spent foraging. This group size effect could arise …

The classic literature on predation dealt almost exclusively with solitary predators and their
prey. Going back to Lotka-Volterra and optimal foraging theory, the theory about predation …

Vigilance has been predicted to decrease with group size due to increased predator
detection and dilution of predation risk in larger groups. Although earlier literature reviews …

In foraging animals, visual scanning of the surrounding environment is referred to as
vigilance and is commonly assumed to be aimed at potential predation threats (Roberts …

This book brings together much of the recent knowledge obtained on equine behaviour, the
emphasis being on its use as a basis for ensuring the well-being of horses. The first two …

Birds gather information about their environment mainly through vision by scanning their
surroundings. Many prevalent models of social foraging assume that foraging and scanning …