Evidence has accumulated that climate variability influences the state and functioning of
marine ecosystems. At the same time increasing pressure from exploitation and other …

Recent climatic change has been recorded across the globe. Although environmental
change is a characteristic feature of life on Earth and has played a major role in the …

The strong trends in climate change already evident, the likelihood of further changes
occurring, and the increasing scale of potential climate impacts give urgency to addressing …

Evidence of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems is
accumulating, but must be evaluated in the context of the “normal” climate cycles and …

Larger and older fish contribute disproportionately to spawning and play an important role in
the replenishment of exploited stocks. Fishing often removes specific size‐and age‐classes …

Recent studies in the marine environment have suggested that the limited phenotypic
plasticity of cold-adapted species such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. will cause …

Abstract While a few North Atlantic cod stocks are stable, none have increased and many
have declined in recent years. Although overfishing is the main cause of most observed …

Researchers have long recognized the importance of ecological differences at the species
level in structuring natural communities yet until recently have often overlooked the influence …

Climate may affect marine fish populations through many different pathways, operating at a
variety of temporal and spatial scales. Climate impacts may work their way bottom up …

The impact of the environment on interannual variability in fish recruitment has proven
difficult to establish empirically, and environment-recruitment correlations have often been …