Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

Research in two fronts has enabled the development of therapies that provide significant
benefit to cancer patients. One area stems from a detailed knowledge of mutations that …

Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area
of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T …

T lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens both by producing protein effector molecules
known as lymphokines and by multiplying. Complete activation requires two signaling …

ANTIGEN receptor stimulation of mature αβ T lymphocytes can lead either to proliferation or
death1–4. Programmed cell death, termed apoptosis, leads to the clonal deletion of both …

CD28 costimulation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, from proliferation and
survival to promoting the differentiation of specialized T-cell subsets. Since first being …

T lymphocytes play a key role in immunity by distinguishing self from nonself peptide
antigens and regulating both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system. Acquired …

Although thalidomide (Thal) does not directly induce T-cell activation, it increases
proliferation of T cells following CD3 activation. In this study, we examined the …

Costimulation (signal 2) has been proposed to inhibit the induction of T cell clonal anergy by
either directly antagonizing negative signals arising from TCR engagement (signal 1) or by …

Abstract ACTIVATION of CD4+ T helper cells results from the occupancy of the T-cell
receptor (TCR) by immunogenic peptide bound to a class II major histocompatibility complex …