SUMMARY Type IV pili (T4P) are multifunctional protein fibers produced on the surfaces of a
wide variety of bacteria and archaea. The major subunit of T4P is the type IV pilin, and …

Bacterial conjugation is one of the main mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer. It
constitutes a key element in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes to …

Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become a concerning threat in hospital-
acquired infections and for cystic fibrosis patients. The major problem leading to high …

Dissimilatory reduction of metal (eg Fe, Mn)(hydr) oxides represents a challenge for
microorganisms, as their cell envelopes are impermeable to metal (hydr) oxides that are …

Pathogenic microorganisms have to face hostile environments while colonizing and
infecting their hosts. Unfortunately, they can cope with it and have evolved a number of …

Protein secretion plays a central role in modulating the interactions of bacteria with their
environments. This is particularly the case when symbiotic bacteria (whether pathogenic …

This article collates published information regarding the in vitro antibacterial activity of both
metal and carbon nanoparticles. The aims are to establish a consensus regarding modes of …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile secretion systems that are found in both
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and secrete a wide range of substrates, from …

Several secretion systems have evolved that are widespread among Gram-negative
bacteria. Recently, a new secretion system was recognized, which is named the type VI …

Biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa is a highly regulated process that proceeds through a
number of distinct stages. This development is controlled by a wide range of factors, of which …