Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that degrades the essential
amino acid tryptophan. The concept that cells expressing IDO can suppress T-cell …

Regulatory T lymphocytes are essential to maintain homeostasis of the immune system,
limiting the magnitude of effector responses and allowing the establishment of …

The signals driving the adaptation of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) to diverse peripheral
environments remain mostly undefined. We show that differentiation of CD11blo migratory …

CD4+ T cells are commonly divided into regulatory T (Treg) cells and conventional T helper
(Th) cells. Th cells control adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer by activating …

Naive T cells are stimulated by antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary
lymphoid organs, but whether other types of cell participate in T cell priming is unclear. Here …

CD8+ T cells are a major prognostic determinant in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer
(CRC). However, understanding how the interplay between different immune cells impacts …

The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract have traditionally been perceived to be
limited to the digestion and absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and to water …

Cells lining the gastrointestinal tract serve as both a barrier to and a pathway for infectious
agent entry. Dendritic cells (DCs) present in the lamina propria under the columnar villus …

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active
suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T …

Mucosal tolerance prevents pathological reactions against environmental and food
antigens, and its failure results in exacerbated inflammation typical of allergies and asthma …