The programmed cell death that occurs as part of normal mammalian development was first
observed nearly a century ago (Collin 1906). It has since been established that …

Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor
and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of …

Summary Oncogenic KRAS G12D (KRAS∗) is critical for the initiation and maintenance of
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is a known repressor of tumor immunity …

It is undeniable that English has established itself as a language of international prestige,
given its status of lingua franca in many important fields of contemporary life (Hoffman 2000) …

TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a molecule that
displays potent antitumor activity against selected targets. The results presented here …

Immunotherapy based on checkpoint inhibitors is providing substantial clinical benefit, but
only to a minority of cancer patients. The current priority is to understand why the majority of …

The role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in host defense against pulmonary infection has
been difficult to establish using in vivo models. This may reflect a reliance on models of …

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a progressive
decrease in CD4 T-cell number and a consequent impairment in host immune defenses …

Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the host immune system and one of
the strategies developed by HIV is to activate apoptotic programmes that destroy immune …

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) carry potent destructive enzymes that
can destroy invasive bacteria or damage normal tissue. PMNs have a half-life of only 6 …