A biofilm is an interface-associated colloidal dispersion of bacterial cells and excreted
polymers in which microorganisms find protection from their environment. Successful …

The fascinating patterns of collective motion created by autonomously driven particles have
fuelled active-matter research for over two decades. So far, theoretical active-matter …

How do growing bacterial colonies get their shapes? While colony morphogenesis is well
studied in two dimensions, many bacteria grow as large colonies in three-dimensional (3D) …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cultured axenically without detergent forms biofilm-like
cords, a clinical identifier of virulence. In lung-on-chip (LoC) and mouse models, cords in …

The cellular morphology and sub-cellular spatial structure critically influence the function of
microbial cells. Similarly, the spatial arrangement of genotypes and phenotypes in microbial …

Biofilms are aggregates of bacterial cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. Much
progress has been made in studying biofilm growth on solid substrates; however, little is …

Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria that exist as aggregates that can adhere to
surfaces or be free-standing. This complex, social mode of cellular organization is …

Bioaggregates are condensed porous materials comprising microbes, organic and inorganic
matters, and water. They are commonly found in natural and engineered porous media and …

Active nematics are the non-equilibrium analogue of passive liquid crystals. They consist of
anisotropic units that consume free energy to drive emergent behaviour. As with liquid …

Complex disordered matter is of central importance to a wide range of disciplines, from
bacterial colonies and embryonic tissues in biology to foams and granular media in …