This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Ocean convection is a key mechanism that regulates heat uptake, water-mass
transformation, CO2 exchange, and nutrient transport with crucial implications for ocean …

Sea ice extent (SIE) in the Weddell Sea attained exceptionally low levels in April (1.97
million km2) and May (3.06 million km2) 2019, with the values being~ 22% below the long …

Polynyas facilitate air–sea fluxes, impacting climate-relevant properties such as sea ice
formation and deep water production. Despite their importance, polynyas have been poorly …

This study reports the occurrence of intense atmospheric rivers (ARs) during the two large
Weddell Polynya events in November 1973 and September 2017 and investigates their role …

Open-ocean polynyas formed over the Maud Rise, in the Weddell Sea, during the winters of
2016–2017. Such polynyas are rare events in the Southern Ocean and are associated with …

Ice shelf instability is one of the main sources of uncertainty in Antarctica's contribution to
future sea level rise. Calving events play a crucial role in ice shelf weakening but remain …

Satellite observations have shown that the largest and most prolonged Maud Rise open‐
ocean polynya since the 1970s appeared on 14 September 2017 (~ 9.3× 103 km2) within …

The calving of Antarctic ice shelves remains unpredictable to date due to a lack of
understanding of the role of the different climatic components in such events. In this study …

Using the lagged maximum covariance analysis (MCA), the present study investigates the
interannual variability of the storm track in the Southern Hemisphere and the Antarctic sea …