Nutritional excess is a major forerunner of type 2 diabetes. It enhances the secretion of
insulin, but attenuates insulin's metabolic actions in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose …

Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling
metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

Hypothalamic AgRP and POMC neurons are conventionally viewed as the yin and yang of
the body's energy status, since they act in an opposite manner to modulate appetite and …

Background The diminished glucose lowering effect of insulin in obesity, called “insulin
resistance,” is associated with glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and other serious …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound
socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and …

There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by
insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no …

The 'obesity epidemic'represents a major global socioeconomic burden that urgently calls
for a better understanding of the underlying causes of increased weight gain and its …

Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability
(for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass) …

The sympathetic nervous system maintains metabolic homeostasis by orchestrating the
activity of organs such as the pancreas, liver, and white and brown adipose tissues. From …