Tumor immune escape is an important strategy of tumor survival. There are many
mechanisms of tumor immune escape, including immunosuppression, which has become a …

Interferons (IFNs) are the hallmark of the vertebrate antiviral system. Two of the three IFN
families identified in higher vertebrates are now known to be important for antiviral defence …

Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of
the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Phagocytosis is a fundamental immune function against foreign microorganisms and
abnormal cells, and it is also a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Blood as the …

It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are sophisticated cells that are critical to host
defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, concepts such as neutrophil …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Fish have limited ability in endogenous biosynthesis of arginine. Arginine is an
indispensable amino acid for fish, and the arginine requirement varies with fish species and …

The IFNs and their receptors have existed in early chordates for∼ 500 million years and
represent the early elements in innate and adaptive immunity. Both types I and II IFNs have …