We define a new concept of 'active milieu'that unifies all components of nervous tissue
(neuronal and glial compartments, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, and vasculature) …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Extrasynaptic actions of glutamate are limited by high-affinity transporters expressed by
perisynaptic astroglial processes (PAPs): this helps maintain point-to-point transmission in …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

Astrocytes are glial cells that interact with neuronal synapses via their distal processes,
where they remove glutamate and potassium (K+) from the extracellular space following …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are known for their role in the induction of long-
term potentiation (LTP). Here we start by reviewing the early evidence for their role in LTP at …

Little is known about age‐dependent changes in structure and function of astrocytes and of
the impact of these on the cognitive decline in the senescent brain. The prevalent view on …

Information processing imposes urgent metabolic demands on neurons, which have
negligible energy stores and restricted access to fuel. Here, we discuss metabolic …

How aging affects cells of the human brain active milieu remains largely unknown. Here, we
analyze astrocytes and neurons in the neocortical tissue of younger (22–50 years) and older …

Astrocytes, a class of morphologically and functionally diverse primary homeostatic
neuroglia, are key keepers of neural tissue homeostasis and fundamental contributors to …