The innate immune system has the capacity to detect 'non-self'molecules derived from
pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, via pattern recognition …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability, with a
considerable socioeconomic burden. Heterogeneity of pathoanatomical subtypes and …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

Importance Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern that affects
individuals in all demographics. With increasing interest in the medical and public …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that affects thousands of
individuals each year. Over the past decades an enormous progress has been made in our …

Background Currently, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a pathological incident that triggers several
neuropathological conditions, leading to the initiation of neuronal damage with several pro …

Glial cell types were classified less than 100 years ago by del Rio-Hortega. For instance, he
correctly surmised that microglia in pathologic central nervous system (CNS) were …

The purinergic transmitter ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate) plays an essential role in both
the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the ability to directly measure extracellular …