Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is an infectious disease
that poses severe threats to global public health and significant economic losses. The …

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a
variety of cells, including macrophages. For decades, NRs have been therapeutic targets …

Traditional vaccine development against infectious diseases has been guided by the
overarching aim to generate efficacious vaccines normally indicated by an antibody and/or …

Background Macrophages play an important role in the host immune response against
mycobacterial infection, and this process is regulated by various factors, including circular …

Foamy macrophages are present during the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
infection and seems to be nutrient-rich reservoir and secure reservoir for the bacilli, which …

Respiratory infections are one of the top causes of death in the elderly population,
displaying susceptibility factors with increasing age that are potentially amenable to …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) shows promising potential to enhance
host defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Herein we evaluated the …

Abstract Background Bovine TB (bTB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a
major endemic disease affecting global cattle production. The key innate immune cell that …

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection and
has the highest mortality rate of any single infectious disease worldwide. The aim of the …

Rickettsia conorii is a Gram‐negative, cytosolic intracellular bacterium that has classically
been investigated in terms of endothelial cell infection. However, R. conorii and other human …