Infectious diseases account for more than 20% of global mortality and viruses are
responsible for about one-third of these deaths. Highly infectious viral diseases such as …

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular
making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid …

Viral infections, in addition to damaging host cells, can compromise the host immune
system, leading to frequent relapse or long-term persistence. Viruses have the capacity to …

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and
eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a …

Programs that monitor local, national, and regional levels of transmitted HIV-1 drug
resistance inform treatment guidelines and provide feedback on the success of HIV-1 …

Background HIV evolves rapidly and therefore infections with similar genetic sequences are
likely linked by recent transmission events. Clusters of related infections can represent …

Resistance to antiretroviral drugs remains an important limitation to successful human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapy. Resistance testing can improve treatment …

Background Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance can compromise initial antiretroviral therapy
(ART); therefore, its detection is important for patient management. The absence of drug …

More than 200 mutations are associated with antiretroviral resistance to drugs belonging to
six licensed antiretroviral classes. More than 50 reverse transcriptase mutations are …

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) threshold
survey method was developed for surveillance of transmitted HIVDR in resource-limited …