Surprisingly little is known about the nature and function of neurohormones in molluscs
despite the fact that many of the neurotransmitters, including serotonin, catecholamines and …

The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MP) in the marine environment is cause of
increasing concerns about the safety of the exposed ecosystems. Although the effects …

Pelagic larval stages are widespread across animals, yet it is unclear whether larvae were
present in the last common ancestor of animals or whether they evolved multiple times due …

Recent findings regarding early lophotrochozoan development have altered the
conventional model of neurogenesis and revealed that peripheral sensory elements play a …

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) represent a global threat to human health and the
environment. In vertebrates, lipophilic EDCs primarily act by mimicking endogenous …

Background Bivalves comprise a large, highly diverse taxon of invertebrate species.
Developmental studies of neurogenesis among species of Bivalvia are limited. Due to a lack …

Ciliated trochophore-type larvae are widespread among protostome animals with spiral
cleavage. The respective phyla are often united into the superclade Spiralia or …

Simple Summary Pentamerous radial symmetrical echinoderm adults develop from
bilaterally symmetrical larvae and are a great model for understanding the origin and …

Background Despite extensive knowledge on bivalve anatomy and development, the
formation and differentiation of the mantle margin and its associated organs remain largely …

ABSTRACT A model organism in developmental biology is defined by its experimental
amenability and by resources created for the model system by the scientific community. For …