Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions,
seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The …

Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to
escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive …

Segmented RNA viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal
and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. Although the origin of RNA …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Annual seasonal influenza vaccines are composed of two influenza A strains representing
the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, and two influenza B strains representing the Victoria and …

Influenza A virus is characterized by high genetic diversity,,. However, most of what is known
about influenza evolution has come from consensus sequences sampled at the …

Background Deep sequencing makes it possible to observe low-frequency viral variants and
sub-populations with greater accuracy and sensitivity than ever before. Existing platforms …

RNA viruses are unique in their evolutionary capacity, exhibiting high mutation rates and
frequent recombination. They rapidly adapt to environmental changes, such as shifts in …

Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …

Influenza A viruses are constantly changing. This change accounts for seasonal epidemics,
infrequent pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks. A major mechanism underlying the genetic …