This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of lower airway disease, characterized by bronchial
hyperresponsiveness. Type I hypersensitivity underlies all atopic diseases including allergic …

Rationale: Targeted lung denervation (TLD) is a bronchoscopic radiofrequency ablation
therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which durably disrupts …

Asthma is an obstructive airway disease, with a heterogeneous and multifactorial
pathogenesis. Although generally considered to be a disease principally driven by chronic …

Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the airways and an
autocrine/paracrine secreted hormone from non-neuronal origins including inflammatory …

Airway remodelling, including smooth muscle remodelling, is a primary cause of airflow
limitation in asthma. Recent evidence links bronchoconstriction to airway remodelling in …

Since ancient times, anticholinergics have been used as a bronchodilator therapy for
obstructive lung diseases. Targets of these drugs are G-protein-coupled muscarinic M1, M2 …

Cigarette smoke-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-8 (IL-8)
from inflammatory as well as structural cells in the airways, including airway smooth muscle …

In addition to hyperresponsiveness in asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) also manifests
an inflammatory phenotype characterized by augmented expression of mediators that …

Inhaled bronchodilator treatment with a long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) reduces
symptoms and the risk of exacerbations in COPD and asthma. However, increasing …