The neck is a critical portion of the avian spine, one that works in tandem with the beak to act
as a surrogate forelimb and allows birds to manipulate their surroundings despite the lack of …

Deconstructing motion to better understand it is a key prerequisite in the field of comparative
biomechanics. Since Marey and Muybridge's work, technical constraints have been the …

Across tetrapods, the proportional lengths of the manual and pedal phalanges are highly
constrained, following a generalized blueprint of shortening in a proximodistal gradient …

Despite the high mechanical demands associated with climbing, the ability to ascend
vertically has evolved independently in most major animal lineages. However, little is known …

Simple Summary Positional behaviors comprise the entirety of animals' locomotion and
posture. Often, these positional behaviors are paired with information about sußbstrate …

Background The origin of birds from non-avian theropod dinosaur ancestors required a
comprehensive restructuring of the body plan to enable the evolution of powered flight. One …

At what inclination does climbing begin? In this paper, we investigate the transition from
walking to climbing in two species of parrot (Agapornis roseicollis and Nymphicus …

Prokinesis, a mode of avian cranial kinesis involving motion between the neurocranium and
upper beak, has long been investigated in biomechanical analyses of avian feeding and …

Climbing animals theoretically should optimize the energetic costs of vertical climbing while
also maintaining stability. Many modifications to climbing behaviors have been proposed as …

Climbing represents a critical behavior in the context of primate evolution. However,
anatomically modern human populations are considered ill-suited for climbing. This …