The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are important signaling modules that convert
environmental stimuli into cellular responses. We show that MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 are …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

ERK1 and ERK2 are key protein kinases that contribute to the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK MAP
kinase signalling module. This pathway participates in the control of numerous processes …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial cellular messengers
mediating diverse signaling processes in metazoans and plants. How PA homeostasis is …

The MAPK cascades are central signaling pathways that regulate a wide variety of
stimulated cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

Conserved signaling pathways that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
are involved in relaying extracellular stimulations to intracellular responses. The MAPKs …