Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐modified T cells can
induce durable remissions in patients with refractory B‐lymphoid cancers. By contrast …

Immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of naturally occurring or gene-engineered T
cells can mediate tumour regression in patients with metastatic cancer. Here, we discuss …

An obstacle to cancer immunotherapy has been that the affinity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) for
antigens expressed in tumors is generally low. We initiated clinical testing of engineered T …

Advances in cell-based therapy, particularly CAR-T cell therapy, have transformed the
treatment of hematological malignancies. Although an important step forward for the field …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection persists despite years of
antiretroviral therapy (ART). To remove the stigma and burden of chronic infection …

Clonal selection theory proposed that individual T cells are specific for a single peptide–
MHC antigen. However, the repertoire of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) is dwarfed by the vast …

Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) is a cell surface molecule that regulates the adaptive immune
response. Engagement of PD‐1 by its ligands PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 transduces a signal that …

Harnessing the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells has been the central
goal of anti-cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in …

Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) blunts viraemia, which enables HIV-1-infected
individuals to control infection and live long, productive lives. However, HIV-1 infection …

The transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) genes can be used to induce immune reactivity toward
defined antigens to which endogenous T cells are insufficiently reactive. This approach …