In vitro methods are common and widely used for screening and ranking chemicals, and
have also been taken into account sporadically for risk assessment purposes in the case of …

The organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were developed before and during World War II.
The history of their development has been reviewed (Holmstedt 1963; Karczmar 1970; …

Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable and
informative reference for the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to …

Whole animal testing is an essential part in evaluating the toxicological and
pharmacological profiles of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, but these experiments are …

A safety factor of 100‐fold is commonly applied to animal data to derive the acceptable daily
intake (ADI) of food additives; other factors have been used in some cases and higher …

Abstract A PBPK/PD model was developed for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos
(CPF)(O, O-diethyl-O-[3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl]-phosphorothioate), and the major …

Deficiencies in the early ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and
toxicity) information on drug candidates extract a significant economic penalty on …

The first edition of this book, Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, was
published just prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Reflecting a greater …

Scientists studying mammals have developed a stepwise approach to predict in vivo hepatic
clearance from measurements of in vitro hepatic biotransformation. The resulting clearance …

Pulmonary drug disposition after inhalation is complex involving mechanisms, such as
regional drug deposition, dissolution, and mucociliary clearance. This study aimed to …