We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

Aims. The 11-year solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) is the dominant pattern of solar magnetic
activity reflecting the oscillatory dynamo mechanism in the Sun's convection zone. Solar …

Aims. Fluences of solar energetic particles (SEPs) are not easy to evaluate, especially for
high-energy events (ie ground-level enhancements, GLEs). Earlier estimates of event …

Extreme solar particle events (ESPEs) are rare and the most potent known processes of
solar eruptive activity. During ESPEs, a vast amount of cosmogenic isotopes (CIs) 10Be …

Aims. The solar activity in the past millennia can only be reconstructed from cosmogenic
radionuclide proxy records in terrestrial archives. However, because of the diversity of the …

Solar magnetic activity drives the dominant 11-year cyclic variability of different space
environmental indices, but they can be delayed with respect to the original variations due to …

Cosmogenic nuclide records can in principle allow for the estimation of the behavior of the
heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) in the distant past. This requires careful modeling of …

The production rates of cosmogenic radionuclides, such as 10Be, 14C, and 36Cl, in the
Earth's atmosphere vary with the geomagnetic field and solar activity. For the first time, the …

Cosmogenic isotopes are produced by cosmic rays mostly in the middle‐low atmosphere
and then take part in the complicated processes of atmospheric transport and deposition that …