BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 results in higher equilibrium concentrations of
dissolved CO 2 in natural waters, with corresponding increases in hydrogen ion and …

The frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and phytoplankton community
shifts toward toxic species have increased worldwide. Although most research has focused …

Climate warming is occurring at a rate not experienced by life on Earth for 10 s of millions of
years, and it is unknown whether the coral‐dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium spp.) symbiosis …

Coral reefs are under major threat from ocean warming. When temperatures become too
high corals bleach, expelling their symbiotic, photosynthetic microalgae (Symbiodinium) …

Climate change is predicted to increase the severity and prevalence of harmful algal blooms
(HABs). In the past twenty years, omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics …

Harmful algae can cause death in fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and humans, via their
toxins or from effects associated with their sheer quantity. There are many species, which …

Eukaryotic phytoplankton exhibit an enormous species richness, displaying a range of
phylogenetic, morphological and physiological diversity. Yet, until recently, very little was …

Coral reefs are facing unprecedented pressures, on a global scale. Alarming declines in
coral abundance and diversity are occurring across the majority of reef systems, driven by …

Although the typical framework for studies and models of bloom dynamics in toxigenic
phytoplankton is predominantly based on abiotic determinants, there is mounting evidence …