Motivational and motor deficits are common in patients with depression and other psychiatric
disorders, and are related to symptoms of anhedonia and motor retardation. These deficits in …

Nociception is the neuronal process of encoding noxious stimuli and could be modulated at
peripheral, spinal, brainstem, and cortical levels. At cortical levels, several areas including …

Neuroimaging studies of patients with chronic pain have shown that neurotransmitter
abnormalities, including increases in glutamate and decreases in GABA, could be …

Background Pain is the most prominent non-motor symptom observed in patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying the generation of pain in …

Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as
fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia …

Despite years of research, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inflammation
induces depression is still limited. As clinical data points to a strong association between …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is one of the main brain regions harboring dopaminergic
(DA) neurons, and plays important roles in reinforcement and motivation. Recent studies …

We studied in rats with a spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathy whether dopamine D2
receptors (D2Rs) play a role in descending control of pain induced by stimulation of the …

Dopamine plays an important role in several forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus,
a crucial brain structure for working memory (WM) functioning. In this study, we evaluated …

Understanding mechanism of neuropathic pain is too complex and involves both peripheral
and central pathophysiological phenomenon. Accordingly the treatment of neuropathic pain …