Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-
limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise …

Highlights•Changes in the circulation of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses have
occurred.•All human influenza viruses are currently resistant to the adamantanes.•Little …

Ferrets are widely employed to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of
influenza viruses. However, inherent variations in inoculation methods, sampling schemes …

Oseltamivir is relied upon worldwide as the drug of choice for the treatment of human
influenza infection. Surveillance for oseltamivir resistance is routinely performed to ensure …

The H275Y amino acid substitution of the neuraminidase gene is the most common mutation
conferring oseltamivir resistance in the N1 subtype of the influenza virus. Using a …

It is more than 20 years since the neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir were
approved for the treatment and prevention of influenza. Guidelines for global surveillance …

In nature, viral coinfection is as widespread as viral infection alone. Viral coinfections often
cause altered viral pathogenicity, disrupted host defense, and mixed-up clinical symptoms …

Surveillance data indicate that most circulating A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza viruses have
remained antigenically similar since they emerged in humans in 2009. However, antigenic …

Baloxavir Marboxil (BXM) is an influenza polymerase inhibitor antiviral that binds to the
endonuclease region in the PA subunit of influenza A and B viruses. To establish the …