The development of the shale oil and gas extraction industry has heightened concerns
about shale oil and gas wastewater (SOGW). This review comprehensively summarizes …

Internal pore domains exist within rocks, lithic fragments, subsurface sediments, and soil
aggregates. These domains, termed internal domains in porous media (IDPM), represent a …

The management and disposal of flowback and produced waters (FP water) is one of the
greatest challenges associated with unconventional oil and gas development. The …

The production of natural gas has become increasingly important in the United States
because of the development of hydraulic fracturing techniques, which significantly increase …

This study examined water quality, naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM), major
ions, trace metals, and well flow data for water used and produced from start-up to operation …

The use of hydraulic fracturing techniques to extract oil and gas from low permeability shale
reservoirs has increased significantly in recent years. During hydraulic fracturing, large …

Hydraulic fracturing of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs is critical to the United States
energy portfolio; however, hydrocarbon production from newly fractured wells generally …

Pores within organic matter (OM) are a significant contributor to the total pore system in gas
shales. These pores contribute most of the storage capacity in gas shales. Here we present …

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) has allowed for the utilization of previously unattainable shale oil
and gas (O&G) resources. After HF is complete, the waters used to increase the facies' …

Hydraulic fracturing is an important technological advance in the extraction of natural gas
and petroleum from black shales, but water injected into shale formations in the fracturing …