Cytokines are key messengers by which immune cells communicate, and they drive many
physiological processes, including immune and inflammatory responses. Early discoveries …

DNA sensing is a pivotal component of the innate immune system that is responsible for
detecting mislocalized DNA and triggering downstream inflammatory pathways. Among the …

How memories are organized in the brain influences whether they are remembered
discretely versus linked with other experiences or whether generalized information is …

Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health
and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy …

Mice display signs of fear when neurons that express cFos during fear conditioning are
artificially reactivated. This finding gave rise to the notion that cFos marks neurons that …

In neuroinflammatory diseases, systemic (blood-borne) leukocytes invade the central
nervous system (CNS) and lead to tissue damage. A causal relationship between …

Stroke causes death of brain tissue leading to long-term deficits. Behavioral evidence from
neurorehabilitative therapies suggest learning-induced neuroplasticity can lead to beneficial …

The brain can represent behaviorally relevant information through the firing of individual
neurons as well as the coordinated firing of ensembles of neurons. Neurons in the …

Abstract Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is one of the main co-receptors of HIV-1, and has
been found to be a potential therapeutic target for stroke. Maraviroc is a classic CCR5 …

Cytokines are small, secreted proteins that are known for their roles in the immune system.
An accumulating body of evidence indicates that cytokines also work as neuromodulators in …