Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

Simple Summary Cutaneous melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer
and its occurrence, development, and progression are based on the accumulation of several …

Simple Summary The response to pharmacological treatments is deeply influenced by the
tight interactions between the tumor cells and the microenvironment. In this review we …

Simple Summary The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is the most frequently
activated pathway in human cancers. Consequently, a number of compounds targeting the …

Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF; RAF= rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) plays
an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade …

Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy of melanocytes and most commonly arises in the
skin. In 2002, BRAF gene mutations were identified in melanoma, and this finding resulted in …

Metastatic melanoma can be difficult to detect until at the advanced state that decreases the
survival rate of patients. Several FDA‐approved BRAF inhibitors have been used for …

The clinical benefit of MAPK pathway inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients is
limited by the development of acquired resistance. Using drug-naïve cell lines derived from …

BRAF is the most common serine-threonine protein kinase and regulates signal transduction
from RAS to MEK inside the cell. The BRAF is a highly active isoform of RAF kinase. BRAF …

Melanomas represent only 4% of all skin cancers, but their mortality rate is more than 50% of
any other skin cancer. Alteration in genetic and environmental factors are the risk factors for …