Amphibian skin is directly exposed to different environments. Amphibians interact with
environmental factors including microorganisms, parasites, predators, and physical factors …

▪ Abstract From a process involved in cell wall synthesis in archaea and some bacteria, N-
linked glycosylation has evolved into the most common covalent protein modification in …

We investigated the properties of leishmania exosomes with respect to influencing innate
and adaptive immune responses. Exosomes from Leishmania donovani modulated human …

Recent work has shown that acidocalcisomes, which are electron-dense acidic organelles
rich in calcium and polyphosphate, are the only organelles that have been conserved during …

A number of recent studies have provided new insights into the complexity of the endocytic
pathways originating at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Many of the molecules …

Background Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens have evolved strategies that
support invasion and persistence within host target cells. In some cases the underlying …

Leishmania is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of the disease leishmaniasis.
Anti-leishmanial immune response is shown to be host genotype dependent so that some …

Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a collection of vector-
borne diseases that range from simple cutaneous to fatal visceral forms. Employing potent …

The abundant cell surface glycolipid lipophosphoglycan (LPG) was implicated in many steps
of the Leishmania infectious cycle by biochemical tests. The presence of other abundant …

Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae:
Kinetoplastida) are parasitic protozoan causing Chagas disease, African Trypanosomiasis …