This article reviews properties and characteristics of soft ionic polymer–metal
nanocomposites as soft biomimetic multifunctional distributed robotic materials, soft …

Recently, researchers have concentrated on studying ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC)
artificial muscle, which has numerous advantages including a relatively large strain under …

Ionic polymer--metal composite (IPMC) actuators have promising applications in biomimetic
robotics, biomedical devices, and micro/nanomanipulation. In this paper, a physics-based …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) consist of an electroactive polymeric membrane
plated with metal electrodes. They hold promise as actuators and sensors for soft robotics …

A dynamic, physics-based model is presented for ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC)
sensors. The model is an infinite-dimensional transfer function relating the short-circuit …

In this paper, we study the charge dynamics in ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) in
response to a voltage difference applied across their electrodes. We use the Poisson …

Smart polymeric and gel actuators change shape or size in response to stimuli like
electricity, heat, or light. These smart polymeric-and gel-based actuators are compliant and …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are active materials that exhibit a bidirectional
electromechanical coupling. An IPMC is an electrolytic polymer membrane that is plated by …

An ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a porous charged polymer saturated with an
electrolytic solvent and plated by two metallic electrodes. A voltage difference across the …

The modeling of the complex response of the IPMC-like body to electrical and mechanical
stimuli is set within the context of the 3-D theory of linear elasticity. A field of chemically …