A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the
basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and …

T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 are thought to protect against infection and development of
COVID-19, but direct evidence for this is lacking. Here, we associated whole-blood-based …

Background There is currently no consensus on the diagnosis, definition, symptoms, or
duration of COVID-19 illness. The diagnostic complexity of Long COVID is compounded in …

Adaptive immune responses play an important role in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2
infection. While evaluations of the virus-specific defense often focus on the humoral …

Background People with MS treated with anti-CD20 therapies and fingolimod often have
attenuated responses to initial COVID-19 vaccination. However, uncertainties remain about …

Immunomodulation is influenced by the consumption of nutrients, and healthy immunity is
pivotal to defending an individual from a variety of pathogens. The immune system is a …

Various immunopathological events characterize the systemic acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, it has been reported that coronavirus …

Background The humoral and T-cell responses to booster COVID-19 vaccine types in
multidisease immunocompromised individuals who do not generate adequate antibody …

SARS-CoV-2 virus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus, which causes coronavirus
disease. Most of the immunocompetent patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection do have mild to …