Lifestyle factors, which include the practices we adopt in our daily life, have a significant role
in shaping our overall health. These lifestyle choices are mainly centered on personal …

Oxidative stress (OS), a state characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules
including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antioxidant defenses, has been …

Background Previous studies have suggested that etiologic heterogeneity may complicate
epidemiologic analyses designed to identify risk factors for birth defects. Case classification …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the etiology of numerous diseases including
cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. There is evidence that several teratogens …

Stimulant use, including cocaine, methamphetamines, ecstasy, and prescription stimulants,
in pregnancy is increasingly common. In the United States, stimulants are the second most …

Gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia (SIA) are birth defects that are thought to arise from
vascular disruption of fetal mesenteric vessels. Previous studies of gastroschisis have …

There is increasing evidence that the oxygen supply to the human embryo in the first
trimester is tightly controlled, suggesting that too much oxygen may interfere with …

Abstract [This book is designed] to serve clinicians in practice as well as trainees in
psychiatry and related health professions [who encounter the substance-abusing patient] …

In a case‐control surveillance program, first trimester medication use was studied in relation
to gastroschisis. There were 76 cases of gastroschisis which were compared with 2,142 …

Background: A very large number of women in the reproductive age group consume
cocaine, leading to grave concerns regarding the long term health of millions of children …