Xenotransplantation research has made considerable progress in recent years, largely
through the increasing availability of pigs with multiple genetic modifications. We suggest …

Patients with ESKD who would benefit from a kidney transplant face a critical and continuing
shortage of kidneys from deceased human donors. As a result, such patients wait a median …

The co‐inhibitory checkpoint molecule programmed death receptor 1 (PD‐1) can trigger T
cell functional exhaustion upon binding to its ligand PD‐L1 expressed on tumour cells or …

Abstract Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a known immunoinhibitory receptor that contributes
to immune evasion of various tumor cells and pathogens causing chronic infection, such as …

The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-
ligand 1 (PD-L1) are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens …

Purpose.: Given that dry eye disease (DED) is associated with T cell–mediated inflammation
of the ocular surface and that PD-L1 is an important negative or inhibitory regulator of …

Hara H, Cooper DKC. The immunology of corneal xenotransplantation: a review of the
literature. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 338–349.© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract …

Programmed death (PD) molecules belong to the B7 family of co-stimulatory proteins and
function in adaptive immunity. PD-1 (CD279) is expressed on lymphocytes and …

Background. Genetic modification of pigs (eg, transgenic expression of human complement
regulatory molecules or inactivation of α1, 3galactosyltransferase) enabled the development …

Introduction Chronic infections lead to the functional exhaustion of T cells. Exhausted T cells
are phenotypically differentiated by the surface expression of the immunoinhibitory receptor …