The age of an experimental animal can be a critical variable, yet age matters are often
overlooked within neuroscience. Many studies make use of young animals, without …

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a syndrome of
cognitive and motor abnormalities that may develop in the absence of opportunistic …

Critical to the proper maintenance of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity are the endothelial
tight junctions (TJs). Posttranslational modifications of essential endothelial TJ proteins …

HIV-Tat protein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 neurological
complications (ie, neuroAIDS), but direct demonstrations of the effects of Tat on behavior are …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection of the CNS produces changes in dendritic
morphology that correlate with cognitive decline in patients with HIV-1 associated dementia …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia is a neuroinflammatory
brain disorder that is fueled by viral infection and immune activation of brain mononuclear …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine
pathway of tryptophan metabolism. IDO activity is linked with immunosuppression by its …

Background The linkages between neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
pathogenesis are well established. What is not, however, is how specific immune pathways …

The accumulation of excess glutamate in the extracellular space as a consequence of CNS
trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, infection, or deregulation of glutamate clearance …

In response to tissue injury or infection, the peripheral tissue macrophage induces an
inflammatory response through the release of IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and TNFα (tumour …