B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on
multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on …

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that is caused by the interplay of genetic,
particularly the HLA-DR15 haplotype, and environmental risk factors. How these etiologic …

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has many more functions
than its original in vitro identification as an inducer of granulocyte and macrophage …

The HLA-DR15 haplotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), but
our understanding of how it contributes to MS is limited. Because autoreactive CD4+ T cells …

Whereas T cells in the tumor microenvironment have been the main focus as cancer
controlling cells and targets of immunotherapies, B cells have recently gained strong …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic autoimmune disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). A complex genetic background with the HLA-DR15 haplotype as the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative
disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), often characterized by the accumulation …

The therapeutic mode of action of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), approved for treating patients
with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, is not fully understood. Recently, we and others …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by T cells that are reactive for brain antigens. In
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model for MS, myelin-reactive T …