Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion
and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is …

Nanosized extracellular vesicles derived from bacteria contain diverse cargo and transfer
intercellular bioactive molecules to cells. Due to their favorable intercellular interactions, cell …

Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular
vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as …

The fungal infections are relatively common in humans that can range from common, mild
superficial infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Most of the pathogenic fungi are …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria,
EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the …

An effective immune response requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen‐
derived molecules and the stimulation of an appropriate cellular response. Therefore, a …

In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of
intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity …

Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It
is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) …

Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial
surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring
information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their …