As many readers may know, graph theory is a fundamental branch of mathematics that
examines networks consisting of nodes and edges, with a focus on their paths, structures …

This paper investigates ultrafilters in the context of connectivity systems, defined as pairs (X,
f) where X is a finite set and f is a symmetric submodular function. Ultrafilters, essential in …

Graph theory is a fundamental branch of mathematics that studies networks consisting of
nodes (vertices) and their connections (edges). Extensive research has been conducted on …

As many readers may know, graph theory is a fundamental branch of mathematics that
explores networks made up of nodes and edges, focusing on their paths, structures, and …

This study introduces a novel computational framework integrating monadic second-order
temporal logic (MSOTL) with hypergraph models to enhance the predictive analysis and …

Risk evaluation has always been of great interest for individuals wanting to invest in various
businesses, especially in the marketing and product sale centres. A finely detailed …

Graph structures are an essential tool for solving combinatorial problems in computer
science and computational intelligence. With an emphasis on signed graphs, picture-fuzzy …

In a picture fuzzy environment, almost all multiple attribute decision‐making (MADM)
methods have been discussed a type of problem in which there is no relationship among the …

In this manuscript, we introduce the notion of interval-valued picture (S, T)-fuzzy graphs (IVP-
(S, T)-fuzzy graphs) which is the interplay between (S, T)-norms and picture fuzzy graphs …

Graph classes categorize graphs based on shared properties or structures, and numerous
such classes have been proposed over time. In 1965, Zadeh [133] introduced a framework …