Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical
deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for …

Growth is central to plant morphogenesis. Plant cells are encased in rigid cell walls, and
they must overcome physical confinement to grow to specific sizes and shapes. Cell wall …

A key challenge in biology is to understand how the regional control of cell growth gives rise
to final organ forms. Plant leaves must coordinate growth along both the proximodistal and …

Plants produce organs of various shapes and sizes. While much has been learned about
genetic regulation of organogenesis, the integration of mechanics in the process is also …

Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we
report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and …

Mechanical forces control development in plants and animals, acting as cues in pattern
formation and as the driving force of morphogenesis. In mammalian cells, molecular …

Plants have evolved signaling mechanisms that guide growth away from adverse
environments that can cause yield losses. Root halotropism is a sodium-specific negative …

BACKGROUND Plants constantly experience fluctuating internal and external mechanical
cues, ranging from nanoscale deformation of wall components, cell growth variability …

Cell polarity—broadly defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular activities and
subcellular components within a cell—determines the geometry of cell growth and division …

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit shape is related to microtubule organization and the
activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, insights into the mechanism of …