Neurosurgery is one of the most technically demanding medical professions that warrants a
high level of expertise. In the present context of competitive medical practice, high societal …

For decades, the cavernous sinus (CS) has been the subject of debates and scientific
studies aimed at elucidating its anatomical variability, and at choosing the best method for …

OBJECTIVE Recent studies have proposed the superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital
approach as a new minimally invasive route to access orbital lesions, mostly in …

OBJECTIVE The petrous apex (PA) is one of the most challenging areas in skull base
surgery because it is surrounded by numerous critical neurovascular structures. The authors …

Background While the subtemporal approach represents the surgical module milestone
designed to reach the petrous apex, a novel ventral route, which is the superior eyelid …

Background Skull base lesions within the middle cranial fossa (MCF) remain challenging.
Recent reports suggest that transorbital endoscopic approaches (TOEAs) might be …

Background and objective Surgical approaches to the petrous apex region are extremely
challenging; while subtemporal approaches and variations represent the milestone of the …

Background In the last decades, skull base surgery had passed through an impressive
evolution. The role of neuroanatomic research has been uppermost, and it has played a …

OBJECTIVE Concerns about the approach-related morbidity of the extradural anterior
petrosal approach (EAPA) have been raised, especially regarding temporal lobe and …

Objective The extreme lateral supracerebellar infratentorial (ELSI) approach has the
potential to access several distinct anatomical regions that are otherwise difficult to reach …