Mast cells (MCs) are traditionally thought of as a nuisance for its host, for example, by
causing many of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions. In addition, recent …

It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are sophisticated cells that are critical to host
defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, concepts such as neutrophil …

Over the years of evolution, thousands of different animal species have evolved. All these
species require an immune system to defend themselves against invading pathogens …

This review aims to highlight the proteases required for regulated cell death mechanisms in
animals and plants. The aim is to be incisive, and not inclusive of all the animal proteases …

The host response to tissue injury and/or infection is dependent on the action of numerous
extracellular proteases. Proteolytic cascades trigger blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and …

Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses
against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line …

This brief review is intended to provide a concise overview of the current literature
concerning T cells, advances in identifying distinct T cell functional subsets, and in …

In most industrialized countries, allergies have increased in frequency quite dramatically
during the past 50 years. Estimates show that 20–30% of the populations are affected …

This review article is an attempt to trace the evolution of mast cells (MCs). These immune
cells have been identified in all vertebrate classes as single‐lobed cells containing variable …

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the major mechanisms by which vertebrates control
intracellular pathogens. Two cell types are the main players in this immune response …