Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the
organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for …

Much progress has been achieved to elucidate the function of lactoferrin (LTF), an iron-
binding glycoprotein, in the milieu of immune functionality. This review represents a unique …

Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of
intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative
bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is acquired by the respiratory route. It is …

All animals, including humans, live in symbiotic association with microorganisms. The
immune system accommodates host colonization by the microbiota, maintains microbiota …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are two major forms of innate
immune sensors, which provide immediate responses against pathogenic invasion or tissue …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules that are present
in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. All PGRPs function in antimicrobial defence …

Antimicrobial proteins constitute a phylogenetically ancient form of innate immunity that
provides host defence at skin and mucosal surfaces. Although some components of this …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules present in
insects, mollusks, echinoderms, and vertebrates, but not in nematodes or plants. PGRPs …

Epithelial cells may form the first barrier of defense against bacteria in human tissues. We
recently revealed that oral epithelial cells generated anti-bacterial factors, such as …