The Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) are characterized by perpetual variability as
integral parts of the atmosphere system, with intermittent disturbances from solar and …

The subject of this review is the atmospheric chemistry of the metals that ablate from
meteoroids at altitudes between 70 and 120 km in the Earth's atmosphere. Before describing …

The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

Meteorological processes in the lower-lying layers, particularly in the troposphere, affect the
ionosphere predominantly through the upward propagating waves and their modifications …

GPS radio occultation measurements from CHAMP, GRACE‐A and FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC
are used to derive global information on small‐scale ionospheric irregularities such as …

The scintillations of phase and amplitude in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the GPS
radio occultation signal are caused by thin ionization layers. These thin irregular electron …

This paper provides a comprehensive update on sporadic E layers that is placed in the
context of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, exemplified here by the fundamental windshear …

The sporadic E layers (Es) form in the dynamo region of the ionosphere when metallic ions
of meteoric origin are converged vertically in a wind shear. This paper provides a …

The radio occultation experiment aboard the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites enables the
observation of phenomena in Earth's ionosphere on a global scale. Numerous radio …

On the basis of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and
Climate (COSMIC)‐measured fluctuations in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and excess phase of …