Bone remodeling is essential for adult bone homeostasis. It comprises two phases: bone
formation and resorption. The balance between the two phases is crucial for sustaining bone …

Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a
tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal …

Bone homeostasis is securely controlled by the dynamic well‐balanced actions among
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that …

Osteoporosis is a common disease that affects millions of patients worldwide and is most
common in menopausal women. The main characteristics of osteoporosis are low bone …

Calcitonin was discovered over 50 yr ago as a new hormone that rapidly lowers circulating
calcium levels. This effect is caused by the inhibition of calcium efflux from bone, as …

The hormone calcitonin (CT) is primarily known for its pharmacologic action as an inhibitor
of bone resorption, yet CT-deficient mice display increased bone formation. These findings …

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; molecular mechanisms
that promote energy expenditure can be utilized for effective therapy. Src-associated in …

Although parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a cancer-derived
hormone, it has been revealed as an important paracrine/autocrine regulator in many …

Osteocytes are ideally positioned to detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli
and to coordinate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, evidence supporting …

The size and strength of bone is determined by two fundamental processes. One process,
bone remodelling, renews the skeleton throughout life. In this process existing bone is …