Virtual sensors, or soft sensors, have greatly contributed to the evolution of the sensing
systems in industry. The soft sensors are process models having three fundamental …

This book is rather broad in that it covers many disciplines regarding both mathematical
tools (algebra, calculus, statistics) and application areas (airborne, automotive …

The operational fouling of heat exchangers in a district heating substation (DHS) has a
negative effect on the heating efficiency in the primary district heating side and on the …

This paper presents a strategy for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of HVAC systems
involving sensor faults at the system level. Two schemes are involved in the system-level …

Fractions have recently become widespread in technology and science. The current
research looked at a fractional-order fuzzy PID controller. Furthermore, the tubular heat …

Combine harvesters operate all over the world, harvesting different crops under different
environmental conditions. In order to cope with varying soil, climate and crop conditions, it is …

This paper describes a fault detection method and system to detect the faults in air-source
heat pump water chiller/heaters. Principal component analysis (PCA) approach is used to …

This paper presents a cross-level fault detection method. Two key features of the proposed
method are 1) an energy description of all the units in an HVAC system and 2) a spatial …

A strategy of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) for HVAC sub‐systems at the system level
is presented in this paper. In the strategy, performance indices (PIs) are proposed to indicate …

Heat transfer continues to be a major field of interest to engineering and scientific
researchers, as well as designers, developers, and manufacturers. The wealth of …